part 6. 《 Direct speech 》and 《 Indirect speech 》
There are generally two ways of trying to communicate what someone has said . Yes, one is direct speech and the other is indirect speech.
Direct speech is a way of conveying what someone has said in the written word, using brackets (「」=kagikakko) to reproduse the person's way of speaking as much as possible, while indirect speech is a way of conveying the content in a clear, abbreviated and objective way, without the brackets (「」) .
For example,
Direct speech - 山田君は「ボクはね、今年日本に行くんだよっ！」と言いました。
( Yamada kun wa 「boku ne, kotoshi nihon ni ikunda yo！」to iimashita )
Mr Yamada said, I'm going to Japan this year!’.
Indirect speech - 山田君は今年日本に行くと言いました。
( Yamada kun wa kotoshi nihon ni iku to iimashita )
Mr Yamada said he would go to Japan this year.
The peculiarities of the Japanese language allow for a great deal of variation, especially within the direct speech form ". This is because it is possible to communicate with other people by imitating what they have said and how they have said it - men and women, the elderly and the young, differences in speech according to dialect, and sometimes even complex honorifics and polite expressions.
Even in the above example, there are an infinite number of other phrases such as 「わーい、俺日本に行くぞ！(wa-i, ore nihon ni ikuzo!)」,「あたし、日本に行くの」(atashi, nihon ni ikuno!),「ワタクシ日本に参りますのよー」(watakushi nihon ni mairimasunoyo-!)「自分は日本に向かいます」(jibun wa nihon ni mukaimasu!), etc.
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| (sometimes with a good imitation of the speaker's tone of voice...) |
The content of a direct or indirect speech utterance is usually followed by an ‘と(to)’, which is connected with ‘I said...(to itta)’ or ‘I told you...(to hanashita)’. You can think of it as the English word ‘that’, so to speak. And in informal speech, ‘って(tte)’ is sometimes used instead of ‘と(to)’.
ーーー Various verbs used in indirect speech ーーー
By the way, since both of these speech styles are ways of communicating what someone has said, “言う(iu=say)” or “話す(hanasu=speak)” (in many cases “iu”) is usually used as the final verb, although a variety of other verbs are often used in indirect speech, depending on its content.
Let us now observe a few example sentences!
Direct speech - 彼女は「やった、ワタシ△△大学に受かったの！」と言いました。
( kanojo wa 「yatta, watashi △△daigaku ni ukatta no！」to iimashita. )
She said, “I did it, I got accepted to the University of △△“.
Indirect speech (A) - 彼女はとうとう△△大学に合格したと言いました。
( kanojo wa toutou △△daigaku ni goukakushita to iimashita. )
She told me that she had finally been accepted at the University of △△.
Indirect speech (B) - 彼女は嬉しそうに△△大学への合格を伝えてきました。
( kanojo wa ureshisouni △△daigaku eno goukaku wo tsutaetekimashita. )
She happily informed me that she had been accepted to the University of △△.
Direct speech - 先生は「君のスカートは短すぎるぞ！」と言いました。
( sensei wa 「kimi no suka-to wa mijikasugiruzo！」to iimashita. )
The teacher said, ‘Your skirt is too short!’
Indirect speech (A) - 先生は私のスカートが短すぎると言いました。
( sensei wa watashi no suka-to ga mijikasugiru to iimashita. )
The teacher said my skirt was too short.
Indirect speech (B) - 先生にスカートが短すぎることを注意されました。
(sensei ni suka-to ga mijikasugiru koto wo chuui saremashita.)
I was warned by my teacher that my skirt was too short.
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| Wow, I can see it ! |
Direct speech - 田中くんは「ねえ、消しゴム貸してくれない？」と言いました。
( tanaka kun wa「nee, keshigomu kashite kurenai?」to iimashita. )
Mr. Tanaka said, ‘Hey, can I borrow your eraser?’
Indirect speech (A) - 田中くんは消しゴムを貸して欲しいと言いました。
( tanaka kun wa keshigomu wo kashite hoshii to iimashita. )
Mr. Tanaka asked to borrow an eraser.
Indirect speech (B) - 田中くんは消しゴムを借りたいと頼んできました。
( tanaka kun wa keshigomu wo karitai to tanondekimashita. )
Mr. Tanaka begged me to borrow an eraser.
Direct speech - 彼は「どうして電話してくれなかったんだ！」と言いました。
( kare wa「doushite denwa shite kurenakattanda!」to iimashita. )
He said, ‘Why didn't you call me!’.
Indirect speech (A) - 彼はなぜ電話をくれなかったのか、と言いました。
( kare wa naze denwa wo kurenakattanoka to iimashita. )
He said why didn't I call him.
Indirect speech (B) - 彼は私が電話しなかったことに憤慨しました。
( kare wa watashi ga denwa shinakatta koto ni fungai shimashita. )
He was upset that I did not call him.
Direct speech - 母は「私もいつか世界旅行がしてみたいわ！」と言いました。
( haha wa “watashi mo itsuka sekairyokou ga shitemitai wa” to iimashita. )
My mother said, ‘I would love to travel the world one day!’
Indirect speech (A) - 母はいつか世界旅行がしたいと言いました。
( haha wa itsuka sekairyokou ga shitai to iimashita. )
My mother said she wanted to travel the world one day.
Indirect speech (B) - 母はいつの日か実現させたい世界旅行の夢を語りました。
( haha wa itsunohika jitsugen sasetai sekairyokou no yume wo katarimashita. )
My mother talked about her dream of travelling the world, which she hopes to realise one day.
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| Around the World ! |
In this way, various verbs can be used instead of "iu(say)" or "hanasu(speak)", depending on the content of the conversation. In short, it is necessary to chew over what the person is trying to convey in his or her mind and replace it with the most appropriate verb.
Finally, remember that in indirect speech, the ‘...’ part (i.e. the content of the speech), such as “・・・という(say ...)” or “・・・と頼む(ask ...)”, always uses the informal form of the verb, not the formal form.
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Now, look forward to the next issue!
ーーー The next post will be
Part 7, " Relative pronoun (1/3 ) "
See you next time!
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